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Shea butter total polyphenols and shea kernel phenolic profile
 
Shea butter:
Note: Some sites registered extreme values (Lan 1500; Uganda unkn., 990; M'Peresso, 420)
Outliers deleted for site and country comparisons
Polyphenols (ppm) measured at 730 nm abs
Country means df=77
Fisher LSD test α=0.20
Chad 65.6917 a
Mali 91.1804 ab
Cameroon 105.1500 ab
Guinea 105.5527 abc
Nigeria 111.0023 cde
Uganda 130.4733 de
Burkina 132.1309 e
  High variability within site  
  No significant differences at a=0.05
Country Site Mean N
Burkina Lan 136 9
Burkina Sapone 129 10
Nigeria Kontagora 111 10
Mali Sebekoro 102 10
Mali M'Peresso 79 9
Ethiopia Mender Sebafi 71 1
Senegal Passi 72 1
Senegal Kedougou 144 1
Guinea Mali 106 10
Gambia Esaw 116 2
Ghana Savelugu 75 9
Cameroon Foumban 101 3
Cameroon Bangante 111 6
Cameroon Kousseri 100 5
Chad N'Djamena 66 2
Uganda Uganda 130 10
    103 98
 
Shea kernels:
Concentration of 6 catechin family phenolic compounds in dry Vitellaria kernels
Country Site Mean %
of kernel		 N
Chad N'Djamena 0.77 2
Cameroon Zidim 0.62 1
Senegal Kedougou 0.60 1
Cameroon Foumban 0.57 1
Guinea Fouta 0.56 5
Uganda Patongo 0.56 1
Cameroon Kousseri 0.53 5
Uganda Kuju 0.50 1
Mali Badougou 0.41 1
Gambia Esaw 0.40 1
Mali Sebekoro 0.31 1
Cameroon Bangangte 0.26 1
Mali Sirakorola 0.25 1
Uganda Okwang 0.23 2
Nigeria Mokwa 0.23 1
Nigeria Kontagora 0.22 5
Mali Koumantou 0.20 1
Uganda Lira-Palwo 0.19 1
Ethiopia Mender 0.18 1
Burkina Siniena 0.18 1
Uganda Abim 0.18 1
Uganda not given 0.17 1
Burkina Lan 0.14 5
Burkina Sapone 0.12 1
 

Concentration of catechin family phenolic compounds in dry Vitellaria kernels (mg/kg)  
 
LC-MS data from calibration curve based on Sigma standards--adjusted for dilution  
 
Data from 3 separate runs during Feb. 2003 - Yigal Gilboa operator  
 
 
DB
Acc#		 Site RT 8.0 12.9 20.8 EGC 26.7 EC 30.6 33.4 39.3
 
Country Compound Gallic GC Catechin 20.8 EGCG 27.9 GCG ECG Quercetin
 
194 Lan Burkina 420 512 76   456   250 62 4
 
266 Siniena Burkina 380 426 64   466   254 70 10
 
740 Kousseri Cameroon 1230 1728 182   1558   566 268 2
 
745 N'Djamena Chad 4550 680 130   384   2 58 4
 
657 Esaw Gambia 872 1254 94   1268   362 102 2
 
631 Fouta Guinea 724 1516 276   1522   302 278 4
 
513 Koumantou Mali 338 464 68   754   296 102 2
 
589 Badougou Mali 118 1312 166   1516   366 236 6
 
357 Kontagora Nigeria 2690 1554 106   278   218 24 2
 
374 Mokwa Nigeria 1810 82 40   260   216 44 28
 
12 Kuju Uganda 146 2618 280   1554   296 198 2
5092
  
44 Patongo Uganda 250 2210 264   1772   316 236 2
5048
  
194 Lan Burkina 388 422   274   34   44  
 
266 Siniena Burkina 370 474   408   46   46  
 
740 Kousseri Cameroon 992 1178   822   136   234  
 
745 N'Djamena Chad 6500 746   1414   188   40  
 
657 Esaw Gambia 652 880   440   32   74  
 
631 Fouta Guinea 658 1602   2286   314   306  
 
513 Koumantou Mali 304 340   314   60   80  
 
589 Badougou Mali 198 1070   782   164   242  
 
357 Kontagora Nigeria 2280 906   498   70   4  
 
374 Mokwa Nigeria 1618 78   80   26   18  
Total
  
12 Kuju Uganda 212 1880   448   72   178  
2790
  
44 Patongo Uganda 282 1900   1010   126   216  
3534
  
26 Okwang Uganda 150 1278   434 494 18   110  
2484
  
35 not given Uganda 132 858   176 354 16   166  
1702
  
39 Abim Uganda 284 856   154 386 14   90  
1784
  
49 Lira-Palwo Uganda 372 766   154 454 22   94  
1862
  
51 Okwang Uganda 64 996   484 500 12   106  
 
205 Lan Burkina 562 374   162 378 64   68  
 
207 Lan Burkina 520 186   68 128 22   44  
 
210 Lan Burkina 368 44   16 48 8   22  
 
215 Lan Burkina 478 764   360 462 42   138  
 
322 Sapone Burkina 410 408   168 34 126   62  
 
344 Kontagora Nigeria 542 112   80 2 30   8  
 
348 Kontagora Nigeria 994 158   148 92 4   30  
 
350 Kontagora Nigeria 784 90   56 14 2   6  
 
353 Kontagora Nigeria 2062 306   144 340 44   50  
 
417 Sebekoro Mali 1796 454   480 292 42   72  
 
450 Sirakorola Mali 1112 596   644 2 136   34  
 
619 Mender Ethiopia 202 868   440 20 170   130  
 
621 Kedougou Senegal 386 1698   1416 1688 308   502  
 
627 Fouta Guinea 460 1282   1084 1118 72   406  
 
634 Fouta Guinea 440 1680   886 2 1132   46  
 
638 Fouta Guinea 622 1838   1718 1040 70   194  
 
639 Fouta Guinea 1706 2184   2392 2 1018   36  
 
730 Foumban Cameroon 3330 884   684 608 80   82  
 
737 Bangangte Cameroon 842 636   542 140 338   84  
 
739 Kousseri Cameroon 2620 1006   1222 390 34   54  
 
741 Kousseri Cameroon 3656 1330   1006 500 32   64  
 
742 Kousseri Cameroon 2012 1798   868 130 596   104  
 
743 Kousseri Cameroon 1246 776   662 474 32   92  
 
744 N'Djamena Chad 4736 1196   1846 22 196   46  
 
746 Zidim Cameroon 444 1972   1520 1592 160   482  
 
    means 1135 986 146 685 559 145 287 122 6
4071
  
      Gallic GC Catechin EGC EGCG EC GCG ECG Quercetin
Sum
  
    percentage 27 23 3 16 13 3 7 3 0.13
 
                       
 
Highest and Lowest [complete] profiles:                
 
745 N'Djamena Chad 4550 680 130   384   2 58 4
 
745 N'Djamena Chad 6500 746   1414   188   40  
 
745 N'Djamena Chad 6500 746 130 1414 384 188 2 98 4
9466
 ...plus trans-cinnamic would be how much?
194 Lan Burkina 420 512 76   456   250 62 4
 
194 Lan Burkina 388 422   274   34   44  
194 Lan Burkina 420 512 76 274 456 34 250 62 4
2088
                       
                Shea kernel catechins: min
2088
                Shea kernel catechins: max
9466
                       
    Excluded from averages because of different extraction solvent, which is evidently more effective:
      Gallic GC Catechin EGC EGCG EC GCG ECG  
W-1 Tamale? Ghana 368 1492   1064   140   180  
W-2 Tamale? Ghana 4 2224   1300   104   120  
W-3 Tamale? Ghana 452 2348   1192   132   400  
W-4 Tamale? Ghana 4 2700   1312   172   236  
W-5 Tamale? Ghana 192 2832   1776   104   4  
W-6 Tamale? Ghana 68 2788   1884   4   4  

 

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